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The History of Machine Learning



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Machine learning has a history that dates back to 17th century. Machines are capable of learning tasks that they haven't been programmed to. These machines can be trained to work in unfamiliar environments. What's the history behind machine learning? Find out more. This topic is important for both engineers and computer scientists. This article will be of interest to anyone interested in the history or machine learning.

Neural networks

Artificial neural networks were first invented in 1943 by a neurophysiologist and a mathematician, named Walter Pitts and Warren Sturgis McCulloch. Their work was instrumental in establishing the foundation for neural networks. The two scientists used logic gates to model neurons and were able show that an output is only active when it is active. They were able to simplify brain functioning and open the door for machine learning.

Convolutional neural networks

In a nutshell, convolutional neural networks consist of multiple layers of artificial neurons. Each neuron in the network is a mathematical function that calculates a weighted sum of its inputs and outputs a value called an activation. Artificial neurons can recognize various visual features if they are given pixel values. CNN uses a first convolutional layers, which is the raw image. Each layer generates activation maps that highlight different aspects of the image.


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Boosting

While the idea of boosting isn’t new, the first time the term was used in machine-learning contexts was in the 1990s. It is an algorithm that transforms weak learners into stronger learners to help reduce bias in supervised-learning. Robert Schapire first proposed the concept of boosting in a 1990 paper, in which he described how to convert weak classifiers into strong ones. The weak learner is not closely related to the true classification. Strong learners are more aligned with it.


Turing test

The Turing Test has become one of the most important concepts in the philosophy of artificial intelligence. Using a computer as the subject of an interrogation, the machine must be able to produce an enquiry that the human interrogator does not understand. If the machine is able to do this, it is said to have passed the Turing Test. This test attracts projects that are primarily designed to fool judges.

Deep learning

Machine learning and deep learning have a long history. It all started in 1965 when Valentin Grigoryevich Lapa and Alex Grigoryevich Ivakhnenko developed an algorithm that utilized polynomial activation function. The idea was replicate the brain's neural network by analysing data. However, research into artificial intelligence was not funded in the 1960s. Individuals still continued to work on this topic.


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FAQ

Do I need to buy a second hard drive for my Xbox One?

You don't need a separate hard drive. Instead, you can use the included hard drive as part the system.


What is the best gaming console in the entire world?

The Xbox One console is the most powerful ever created. It combines the power of an Xbox with the simplicity and control of a TV remote. Kinect is a combination of the best features our previous consoles with an easy-to–use system for everyone.

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Is the Xbox One retro-compatible?

Yes, but not every game is supported. Some games won’t run on the updated platform due to technological changes or format. Others have not been updated yet. The good news? Most Xbox 360 games will play fine on the Xbox One.


What is better, PC or PS5?

It all depends on the type of games that you play. A PlayStation 5 will be the best option if you are looking for an extremely powerful system. But if you are looking for a cost-effective option with outstanding performance and other features, we recommend purchasing a PC.



Statistics

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  • Estimates range from 505 million peak daily players[10]to over 1 billion total players.[11][12] The free-to-play mobile version accounts for 97% of players. (en.wikipedia.org)
  • The pay-to-play PC version accounts for 3% of players. (en.wikipedia.org)



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The History of Machine Learning